1.Introduction

International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978 (hereinafter refer to ‘STCW Convention’) was adopted at 7 July 1978 and entered into force at 28 April 1984. Since the enforcement of the convention, the convention have been modified through two comprehensive revisions. Recent revision of the convention have been dealt with under six STW meetings of International Maritime Organization(IMO) during last 4 years (2006 ~ 2010). Taking into account STCW 95, it had not been reflected on development of contemporary new technology and rapid advancement in the maritime industry, but also it had inconsistencies, improper interpretations and outdated provisions in itself. Hence, IMO have decided to amend the convention at 37th STW sub-committee (Gorken et al., 2008).

With such reasons, it has been mainly revised in term of subjects of electric, electronics and control in Chapter III of the STCW Convention. Also, As Japan's proposal in IMO, electro-technical officers was newly developed in the STCW 2010 amendments(Gorken et al., 2011).

This paper provides the comparison of requirements and related standards between Chapter III of STCW 95 and 2010 amendments. It shows current educational situation of maritime university toward subjects of electric, electronics and control in 5 each countries. In closing, this paper proposes new educational model which will be adapted to current industry in accordance with STCW 2010 amendments.

2.Analysis on subjects of electric, electronics and control in STCW 2010

2.1.Differences on STCW 2010 with STCW 95

There are some differences of specification of minimum standard of competence for officers in charge of an engineering watch listed in Table A-III/1 at operational level between STCW 95 and 2010. Among them, Table 1 provides newly amended contents(IMO. 2010)

Table 2 describes newly amended contents in ‘Function: electrical, electronics and control engineering at the management level’ of STCW Code A-III/2(IMO 2010).

2.2.Analysis between STCW 95 and 2010

In the STCW 95 Code, There was only one standard: “Operate alternators, generators and control systems”. There are additional one competences in the STCW 2010 Code such as “Maintenance and repair of electrical and electronic equipment” as in Table 1(Wyszkowski and Mindykowski, 2012). Under the Knowledge, Understanding and Proficiency, KUP, it is possible to find out new content 1) safety requirements for working, 2) maintenance and repair of electrical system equipment, switchboards, electric motors, generator and DC electrical systems and equipment, 3) detection of electric malfunction, 4) electrical testing and measuring equipment, 5) performance tests of monitoring systems, automatic control devices and protective devices as well as 6) interpretation of electrical and simple electronic diagrams.

In STCW 2010 Code, there were two additional competence at the management level.

Marine engineer at the management level are not obliged to operate or maintain and repair of electrical, electronic and control equipment. They have to manage operation and troubleshooting of electrical and electronic control equipment watchkeeping engineers have to operate and maintain the equipment.

It is interested to compare the competences and knowledge, understanding proficiency of engineer and electro-technical officers in the wake of the STCW 2010 Code.

With such short comparison of two competencies, it leads to conclusion

3.Analysis and review in current marine institutes

In chapter 3, it analyses and review only subjects of electrical, electronic, and control in all marine engineering subjects in current marine institutes. From Table 3 ~ 13, it basically explains credits on subjects in general marine engineering. If there are additional subjects in electrical engineering as major, it is described in each Table.

3.1.Republic of Korea

As shown in Table 3, students studying in general marine engineering in KMOU are required to have 29 credits(KMOU, 2014). Other students studying in electrical engineering as major have to be qualified 12 credits more. As elective subjects, students can have 17 credits in KMOU(KMOU, 2014).

As shown in Table 4, students studying in general marine engineering in MMU are required to have 14 credits.

Other students studying in electrical engineering have to be qualified 16 credits more. As elective subjects, students can have 21 credits in MMU(MMU, 2014).

3.2.USA

Students in CMA are obliged to study 20 credits given in as Table 5(CMA, 2015).

In Table 6, it is recognised that the college provides 19 credits for students studying in marine engineering(SUNY maritime college, 2015).

As shown in Table 7, it is recognised that the college provides 19 credits for students studying in marine engineering (SUNY maritime college, 2015).

MMC provides 13 credits to students as required subjects and have 6 credit of elective subjects as Table 8(MMC, 2015).

3.3.Spain

University of Cantabria provides 24 credits to students studying marine engineering and students can study 6 credits as elective subject as given Table 9(UC, 2015).

3.4.Turkey

As given in Table 10, it provides 9 credits to students studying marine engineering and students can study 3 credits as elective subject in ITU(ITU, 2015).

In Table 11, it is 8 credits for students studying in marine engineering which DEU provides(DEU, 2015).

As provided in Table 12, YTU requires 8 credits for students studying in marine engineering(YTU, 2015).

3.5.Middle East

AAST provides 21 credits to students studying in marine engineering(AAST, 2015)

3.6.Analysis of credits in maritime universities

Each maritime institutes has different hours per one credit.

Therefore, this paper considers only ratio of credits relating to subjects of electric, electronics and control as shown in Table 15.

As given in Table 14, KMOU, MMU and SUNY in electrical major just arranges over 20 % for electrical, electronic and control subjects.

3.7.IMO Model courses

IMO describes educational model course for each training course in accordance with STCW convention. Of them, marine engineers should be recommendably trained by formal education in accordance with the model course given by Table 15(IMO, 2014a; IMO, 2014b).

Learning time to subject of marine engineering is almost same at operation level between STCW 95 and 2010. It has just 6 hour differences. but, in STCW 2010, the marine engineering subject is dramatically reduced from 606 hours to 428 hours with 178 hours differences.

As shown in Table 15, subject of electrical, electronic and control is highly increased 2.5 times at operational level and 2.4 times at management level.

Such increment means electrical, electronic and control subjects must be very important subject. Also, such subjects have to be reflected on education regime of maritime institutes. Except Korea maritime and ocean university(major in electric) and SUNY(major in electric), most of countries does not accepted those subjects.

This paper focuses on subject of maintenance and repair. The subjects is significantly increased from 60 to 402 hour with 6.7 times at operational level. Unlike operational level, subjects on maintenance and repair at management level is sharply decreased from existing 410 hours to 66 hours with 6.2 times. Changes of such learning hour on the subjects means contents on maintenance and repair should mainly be dealt with at operational level.

As for ship and person, learning hour at operational level is a bit reduced. But the hour at management level is a few increased.

4.Proposals

This paper recommends learning time and related subjects for first year student and second year student in Table 16 and subjects for third year student and fourth year student in Table 17 by IMO model course. Parts of theory in Table 16 and 17 should be implemented lecture room in theoretical perspective and Practical parts in Table 16 and 17 should be implemented workshop, computer simulation and/or engine room in practical perspective.

As shown in Table 16, even IMO give proper learning hour to trainee and trainer through IMO Model course,

Only two institutes such as Korea maritime and ocean university(major in electric) and SUNY(major in electric), most of countries does not implement subjects amended in accordance with STCW convention. What maritime institutes is not in conformity with the convention means that trainees or students is vulnerable to advanced technology in maritime industry.

In accordance with academic regime of korea, credit is 15 hours. Hence, candidates to marine engineer are required 2547 hours (170 credits) to study all subjects by IMO as far as trainees are qualified at two level, operational and management level. subjects of electric, electronics and control in maritime institutes are almost 46 credits of total 170 credits (688 hours of total 2547 hours recommended by IMO).

What students are required to study 46 credits on such subjects is that it can be difficulties. The reason is that universities have to provide other general education curriculums to students. Considering that the current graduate credits are 150 credits in KMOU, proposed credits can not be implemented. Also, mandatory credits required to be marine engineer in domestic law of korea are just 64 credits. Under the domestic law, it is impossible to carry out 170 credits in any university in Korea.

Hence, this paper proposes ‘on board training’ for 3 months on subjects of electric, electronic and control in accordance with practical part recommended in Table 16 and 17. During the period of proposed ‘on board training’, students are provided proper contents. Proposed 3 month can be included in current “on board training”. Why this paper suggests 3 month is that subjects of electric, electronics and control is 27.6 % of all subjects in Table 16. If possible, proposed on board training for such subjects is specially arranged with certain period after completion of relevant theoretical subjects.

5.Conclusion

Marine Technology is enhancing rapidly. Hence; electric, electronic and control education have to be shaped according to the expected future technology and international convention. For this reason, basic electric, electronic and control system knowledge, which is generally given in existing lecture contents, is important to adapt new technologies. Regarding to the rising importance of automation and remote control in new ships, increasing contents and numbers of these lectures will be adjusted.

In this study, the condition of electric, electronics and control lectures in universities providing marine engineering education in Korea and in the world has been examined and a new model for Korean maritime universities is suggested with educational subjects and 3 month on board training. This recognised that contents and credits of electric, electronic and control lectures are found specifically insufficient all over the world.

Whilst the technical diagnostic is recently done by control systems in vessels, these systems may not monitor the whole system or can give incorrect results. Hence, it is useful for marine engineers to have enough knowledge to set basic level circuits at least, in case of diagnosing the faults in the electronic systems. In this point, the importance of adding extra laboratory lectures and allow time for practical applications is inevitable.

In conclusion, simulation practices about mechanical faults are commonly used in marine studies. By developing these kind of simulations for electronic and control systems new engineers can experience and learn more about fault and problems that they may occur in the future. In addition, it is required to develop automation simulators and additional practical courses for the student along with engine room simulator, which is commonly used in many universities around the world.

In closing, this paper proposes certain period on board training to study and practice subjects of electric, electro and control such as 3 months. The period should be recommendably arranged for total period, 12 months, obliged by STCW. Also, subjects of electric, electro and control should be over 25 % of total educational time for marine engineer whether the students are in major in electrical engineering or not.