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ISSN : 1229-3431(Print)
ISSN : 2287-3341(Online)
Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment and Safety Vol.20 No.3 pp.292-295
DOI : https://doi.org/10.7837/kosomes.2014.20.3.292

A Cost-Benefit Estimate for MARSA

Matthew Smith*, Jong-Hwui Yun**†
*Div. of Maritime Transportation Science, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan 606-791, Korea051-410-4452
**Dept. of Coast Guard Studies, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan 606-791, Korea
Corresponding Author : jhyun@kmou.ac.kr, 051-410-4279
March 26, 2014 May 23, 2014 June 25, 2014

Abstract

This paper proposes that the Marine Search & Rescue and Salvage Association of Korea (MARSA) can provide KCG a very positive return on investment; that is, MARSA will save lives and property well over the budget needed from KCG to operate MARSA. To perform this Cost-Benefit Analysis, actual performance data and other figures are taken from the USCG Auxiliary, and these figures are used to project expected possible MARSA results. In this paper, MARSA is projected to provide a 1,493 % return on investment.

MARSA , USCG , USCG Auxiliary , Korea Coast Guard , Cost-benefit analysis

초록

    1Introduction

    The Marine Search & Rescue and Salvage Association of Korea (MARSA) was founded in Jan. 2013 in order to enhance the search and rescue (SAR) and salvage capability within Korean jurisdictional waters with the strength of cooperation between private and public sector (Korea Coast Guard). MARSA is a network of civilian volunteers who offer their time and vessels to respond to SAR incidents as directed by KCG. In order to bring public attention to the value that MARSA can bring to KCG and the Korean taxpayers, it is necessary to perform a cost-benefit analysis.

    As the name indicates, a cost-benefit analysis examines the projected costs of a venture and measures those costs against projected benefits. The result is the Return on Investment (ROI). ROI is a percent of the amount of money returned to the investor based on the cost of the money invested. There is currently no public perception of the benefits that MARSA could bring to KCG. Therefore, it seems necessary to show how much value MARSA could deliver.

    2Cost-benefit Estimate for MARSA

    2.1Cost-benefit Preliminaries

    The Cost is the budget required for the Korea Coast Guard to sponsor and support MARSA. There are four categories that demonstrate the benefits MARSA can offer to KCG:

    • Value of Volunteer Hours;

    • Value of Operational Savings;

    • Value of Lives Saved; and

    • Value of Property Saved

    Therefore in the final analysis, the Return on Investment will be:

    ROI = Benefits − Cost Cost
    in terms of Korean Won (KRW).

    Since MARSA has short history with little performance data, the above values are computed, in this paper, on the assumption that the number of MASRA’s member is proportionate to the ratio of USCG(active duty) to KCG personnel, and its budget and achievements are proportionate to those of USCG Auxiliary.

    2.2Estimating Cost

    To project the MARSA budget, we take an average of the U.S Coast Guard (USCG) budget to operate the USCG Auxiliary which is a civilian volunteer corps to assist all USCG duties except law enforcement and military job. The budget for the USCG Auxiliary has been 17.4 million USD per year since 2009 (Barner, 2012). 17.4 million USD is 0.24 % of the annual USCG budget. Taking 0.24 % of the annual KCG budget of 115.38 billion KRW, the projected MARSA budget is 2.77 billion KRW.

    2.3Estimating Benefits

    1)Estimated number of volunteers

    Now that the budget has been established, the next step is to project the number of MARSA members. There are 41,000 members of the USCG. There are 10,646 KCG police officers of all levels. The USCG Auxiliary has approximately 31,000 members. We use a simple ratio to project the number of MARSA members:

    31 , 000 USCG  Auxiliary 41 , 000 USCG = m 10 , 464 KCG → m = 8 , 056  MARSA  members

    This figure, 8,056 members, will be useful later in this paper.

    2)Value of Personnel Savings

    The value of personnel time saved is another way of saying how much time MARSA volunteers will bring to KCG in monetary terms. In other words, how much will the KCG not pay KCG officers because volunteers will do that amount of work?

    The USCG considers an Auxiliarist to work at the GS-9, Step 1 pay grade, or 41,563 USD per year as of 2012. An American work year is considered 2080 hours, and therefore a USCG Auxiliarist can be said to have a time-value of $19.98 per hour. In Korea, the pay scale is different. The main difference is in the level of KCG personnel needed to work with MARSA. In the USCG, the GS-9 position is roughly the same pay grade as a Lieutenant Junior Grade. Due to the difference in the size of the organizations, this rank is too high for KCG in relation to MARSA. Instead, MARSA volunteers should be considered to have equivalent time-value to a KCG Senior Police Officer, whose annual salary is 35,000,000 KRW. The Korean work year is accounted as shorter than the American work year at 2,000 hours, making the time-value of a MARSA volunteer 17,500 KRW per hour.

    One cannot take the annual salary of a Senior Police Officer and multiply it times the number of MARSA members. That would vastly over-estimate the time-value of MARSA volunteers. Instead, we must project the number of hours MARSA can expect its members to volunteer and multiply that number times the hourly time-value of 17,500 KRW. To reach the number of hours volunteered, we again look to the USCG Auxiliary. In 2012 Auxiliarists volunteered 29,454 hours toward SAR and SAR-related missions.

    29 , 454  SAR  hours 31 , 000 USCG  Aux  member = h hours  volunteered 8 , 056  MARSA  memebers h = 7 , 654  SAR  hours  volunteered  by  MARSA
    Then to project the value of this time:
    17 , 500  KRW × 7 , 654  hours = 133,945,000  KRW

    MARSA has a feature that USCG Auxiliary does not have: reimbursing members for their time. MARSA members will be reimbursed 77,200 KRW per day. Based on an 8-hour day, that is 9,650 KRW per hour. Therefore:

    − 9 , 650  KRW × 7 , 654  hours = − 73 , 861 , 100 KRW 133 , 945 , 000  − 73 , 861 , 100 ≃ 60  million  KRW

    It can then be said that MARSA volunteers are projected to donate approximately 60 million KRW annually in Value of Volunteer Hours.

    3)Value of Operational Savings

    Another way that KCG can save money through using MARSA is in the cost of operating vessels. An hour of operating a USCG 41-foot Utility Boat costs 2,739 USD, due to the salaries of the crew, cost of fuel and maintenance, and depreciation of the asset. On the other hand, operating an Auxiliary vessel only costs 36 USD, because the only expenses are fuel and pro-rated maintenance. Thus USCG Auxiliary saves 2,703 USD per operational hour by using the Auxiliary. The Auxiliary operated 20,105 on-the-water hours in 2012, meaning in that year the Auxiliary saved USCG over 54 million USD. A similar comparison can be done with the KCG and MARSA, but this comparison will be limited to the cost of fuel consumption and reimbursement.

    A reasonable comparison begins with a KCG P-type patrol vessel. The P-type vessel operates for 5,345 hours per year, consuming 336,955 liters of fuel. That works out to 63 liters of fuel per hour. The government rate for fuel is 939.9 KRW per liter, meaning that each hour costs 59,214 KRW in fuel. MARSA has vessels ranging from one ton to over ten tons; however the average size is 3 tons. The average horsepower of a three ton vessel is 200 horsepower. A three ton vessel coupled with a 200 horsepower engine has a fuel coefficient rate of 0.166 liters, thus the average MARSA boat is expected to consume 33.2 liters per hour. At the tax-free fuel rate of 939.9 KRW, that is 31,205 KRW per hour, a savings of about 28,000 KRW per hour. To project the operational savings, then, we must first find the number of operational hours and multiply it by the amount of fuel expenses saved per hour. Using the basic USCG Auxiliary-to-MARSA membership ratio, the operational hours are projected to be:

    8 , 056  MARSA  members 31 , 000  USCG  Aux  memeber × h 20 , 105  hours = 5 , 225  operational  hours  ( MARSA )
    5 , 222  hours × 28 , 000  KRWper  hours = 146 , 300 , 000  KRW

    5,225 operational hours times 28,000 KRW per hours equals 146.3 million KRW in operational costs saved per year.

    4)Value of Lives Saved

    This is a rather controversial topic. How can one place a monetary value on a human life? In the USA, the standard advice is to have a life insurance policy worth seven to ten times one’s annual income (CNN, 2014). For this paper, we use the more generous 10 times annual income. This is not to say that everyone has life insurance, just how much each person should have. Life insurance is a good measure of the value of a human life because that is precisely what life insurance does: puts a dollar amount on the life of the human covered by the policy.

    The 2012 average annual wage in South Korea was 32,329 USD (OECD, 2014). Thus, according to the life insurance rule-of-thumb, the value of a human life in South Korea is 323,290 USD, or roughly 388 million KRW. The average annual wage in the USA 55,048 USD, making the US Value of a Human Life, 550,480 USD.

    The number of lives saved by USCG Auxiliary in 2012 was a low outlier. The average number of lives saved annually by the USCG Auxiliary is 280. So we project the lives saved by MARSA with the average, not the 2012 low outlier.

    280 31 , 000 = l 8 , 056 ⇒ lives ≃ 73 73 × 38 , 000 , 000  KRW = 28 , 324 , 000 , 000  KRW

    MARSA is expected to save about 73 lives annually, and each of those lives has a VSL of 388 million KRW, for an annual Value of Lives Saved of 28.32 billion KRW.

    5)Value of Property Saved

    The final benefit is the monetary Value of Property Saved. The USCG Auxiliary saves, on average, 50 million USD of property per year.

    50  million  USD × 1 , 200  KRW 31 , 000  members = p 8 , 056 ⇒ p property ≃ 15.592  billion  KRW

    MARSA is projected to save 15,592 billion KRW of property per year.

    2.4Return on Investment

    Now that we have finished the process for projecting the MARSA cost and benefits based on real USCG Auxiliary data, we can calculate the ROI. The results are in Table 1:

    3Conclusion

    In this early effort to discern a Return on Investment for MARSA, we project a very respectable ROI of 1493%. The gap between the USCG Auxiliary ROI and the MARSA ROI are due largely to salary difference between USCG and KCG, and in the method for calculating membership participation ratios. Not all 31,000 members of USCG Auxiliary participate in SAR mission; less than 6,000 do. If we were to project MARSA benefits based on a ratio of 6,000 USCG Auxiliary members who are boat crew to the 8,056 MARSA members, who are all presumed to be boat crew, MARSA’s ROI would be much greater. Thus the estimates here are likely quite conservative and likely under-estimate to some degree the value that MARSA may deliver to KCG, if properly utilized.

    Figure

    Table

    Final weight for each item

    Reference

    1. Barner M. D (2012) The future mission tasking and resourcing of the U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary, Naval Postgraduate School,
    2. CNN-Money (2014) How big should my life insurance policy be? , from CNN-Money Ultimate guide to Retirement, http://money.cnn.com/retirement/guide/insurance_life.moneymag/index11.htm/,
    3. OECDOECDStatExtract from Economic Co-operation and Development, https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AV_AN_WAGE/,
    4. Smith M , Yun J. H (2013) A Coast-Benifit Estimate of KCG Auxiliary , Journal of the Korea Society of Marine Environment & Safety, pp.134-136Proceeding of 2013 Spring Seminar
    Copyright © The Korean Society of Marine Environment and safety. All rights reserved.
    (530-729)Mokpo National Maritime Univ., Jukgyo-dong, Mokpo-si, Jeollanam-do, Korea